XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...

Using X-ray pulses to illuminate nanoparticles, researchers decode diffraction patterns to construct detailed three-dimensional images. (Illustration: ETH Zürich / Daniela Rupp) In a 2D-XRD experiment ...