Complex systems such as metabolic pathways, ecosystems, the Internet, or human societies are comprised of large numbers of components that interact according to rules that change over time and that ...

Many important phenomena, concerning ecosystems, societies, our health, or even science itself, are more than the simple sum of their parts. Complex systems are what emerge when basic building blocks ...

MacCormack, Alan, John Rusnak, and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code." Harvard Business School Working ...