The battle for East Prussia — Germany’s “bowels of iron and heart of steel” — had begun. So far, history was repeating itself. Thirty years before, the Russians had driven into the bleak ...

In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte hoped to follow up his brilliant victories over Austria and Prussia with another decisive victory ...

In Moscow, where the first snow of the winter fell, the names of fallen East Prussian towns—Ebenrode, Schlossberg, Grün-weitschen—came sweetly to the ears of Russian civilians. They enjoyed ...

Allied with France and Britain, Grand Duke Nicholas, the Russian commander, agreed to help relieve the French, under attack from Germany, with an offensive in East Prussia. This required mobility ...

Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows ...