This course is available as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit. The Napoleonic Empire was crucial in the formation of modern Europe. Much of Europe was ...

Bessières, Macdonald, and Masséna—three of Napoleon’s most renowned marshals. Each played a crucial role in shaping the ...

How did Napoleon's focus on saving his empire after Russia leave Spain vulnerable to Wellington’s forces? In 1813, as French armies weakened, Wellington’s advance liberated Madrid again and set the ...

Never in living memory had so large an army been assembled — Italians, Poles, German, French — more than 600,000 men from every corner of his empire. Napoleon prophesied the war would be over ...

By 1808, Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph ... he had decided to make Spain a part of his empire. He imagined they would be welcomed. "With my banner bearing the words 'Liberty and ...

The figure of Napoleon has long been an object of fascination, but the new Ridley Scott biopic makes one wonder why. The film, perhaps inadvertently, partakes of the spirit of the times. The ...