The overall goal of medication is to dampen the sympathetic outflow or act as the parasympathetic system. Thus, sedatives, opiate receptor agonists, beta-blockers, and CNS depressants have been used.

Patients usually present with elevated blood pressure and bradycardia. Noxious stimuli to intact sensory nerves below the injury lead to relatively unopposed sympathetic outflow and dangerous blood ...

a central effect leading to reduced sympathetic outflow to the periphery; and suppression of renin activity. See literature. Early treatment: initially administer three 5mg IV bolus inj given at ...

β-blockers exert an antihypertensive effect via several mechanisms of action: central inhibition of sympathetic nervous system outflow, inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system by decreasing ...