Predicted wavefront aberrations are then obtained by tracing ... Lower-order aberrations — defocus and astigmatism — are responsible for most of the degradation in a retinal image.

Of all of the methods of astigmatism correction ... treatments allow important advantages over other surgeries. First, wavefront treatment technology maps multiple points on the cornea and ...

The advantages of MICS in the field of the refractive result as astigmatism control and aberration neutrality are supported by many papers of the various authors as described. However, Bi-MICS ...

The VISX STAR S4 laser is FDA approved for treatment of nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism. This laser uses a scanning ... optical imperfections in high-powered astronomical telescopes.