The town has historically been referred to by three names: Caba, Cava, and Caua. According to local historian Pedro Manongdo, two main theories explain the origin of the town's name.

One theory suggests that the name originated from an incident when a Spaniard asked an inhabitant for the name of the place. The youth, misunderstanding the question as referring to the animal he was herding, responded with “Cava.” The name was subsequently repeated and evolved into Cava, and later Caba.

Another theory posits that the name Caba was adopted by a group of immigrants from Barrio Caba in San Carlos, Pangasinan, who settled in the area during the later years of the 16th century. In recognition of their place of origin, they named their new settlement Caba.

The town of Caba was historically part of the ancient region of Pangasinan, known as Alingay or Alinguey (modern-day Aringay). The area was initially settled by Pangasinans along the coastal regions, accompanied by smaller communities of Samtoys (Ilocanos). These early inhabitants practiced animism, a belief system attributing spiritual significance to natural objects and phenomena, which played a significant role in shaping their cultural and religious traditions.

The coastal settlement was an active trading hub, engaging with neighboring coastal and highland communities, including the Pangasinans along Lingayen Gulf, Ilocanos (Samtoys) to the north and the Ibalois, Kankanaey, and Ifugao from the Cordillera mountains following the Aringay trail. The settlement also traded with foreign merchants from China, Japan, and other Maritime Southeast Asian countries. Frequently traded goods included gold, jars, silk, woven fabrics, ceramics, and glass beads and others, reflecting the region's economic vitality.
In 1572, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo and his soldiers arrived in the area after pacifying the nearby settlement of Aroo or Agoho (modern-day Agoo), which had a significant Japanese trading presence. As part of his mission to subjugate northern regions following the Spanish conquest of Manila, Salcedo named the area "El Puerto de Japon" ("Japanese Port") due to the active trade conducted by Japanese and Chinese merchants. Although Salcedo attempted to persuade the locals to pay tribute to Spain, he continued his journey northward, eventually founding Vigan as "Villa Fernandina de Vigan" in honor of Prince Ferdinand, the late son of King Philip II.

By 1598, Augustinian friars formally established the settlement, with Don Agustin de la Cruz appointed as its first leader. The area became a barrio in 1692, led by Don Luis Manongdo as the cabeza de barangay. The settlement operated under the encomienda system, where local inhabitants were entrusted to Spanish encomenderos, friars, and native nobles in exchange for tribute and governance. The name "Cava" or "Caba" has two conflicting origins: one theory attributes it to immigrants from Barrio Caba in San Carlos, Pangasinan, while another suggests it derived from a Spaniard’s interaction with a local boy who responded "cava" when asked the name of the place.

During the 1700s, Ilocano immigrants from Ilocos provinces and nearby towns began settling in the coastal areas. Seeking to escape oppressive conditions imposed by Spanish colonizers, they cultivated the land through agriculture and fishing, further contributing to the settlement's development.

In 1745, Caba, initially a barrio of Aringay, was established as a municipality under the jurisdiction of the Province of Pangasinan and …

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As of the 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH), the municipality of Caba, La Union had a total population of 23,119 persons. This represented an increase of 1,080 persons compared to the 2015 Census of Population, which recorded 22,039 persons. The population growth from 2015 to 2020 yielded an average annual population growth rate (PGR) of 1.01%, meaning that for every 1,000 persons in the population, about 10 people were added per year. In comparison, the PGR during the period from 2010 to 2015 was 0.70%, and from 2000 to 2010 it was 0.83%.

At the current growth rate, Caba's population is projected to double in approximately 69 years. For historical context, the population of Caba was 9,517 persons in 1960, which is more than two-fifths of the population recorded in 2020. The town has 99.68% of the population had their births registered with the Local Civil Registry Office. Of these, 50.77% were male, and 49.23% were female, with a sex ratio of 103 males for every 100 females.

Caba is divided into 17 barangays. In 2020, the most populous barangay was San Jose, which comprised 12.11% of the municipality's total population. It was followed by Barangay Gana with 9.72%, Santiago Sur at 9.01%, San Carlos with 6.50%, and Sobredillo with 6.09%. The least populated barangay was Wenceslao, which accounted for just 2.01% of the total population and was also the least populous barangay in the 2015 census.
In 2020, the population was 50.75% male and 49.25% female, with a sex ratio of 103 males for every 100 females. The ratio for those under 15 was 106 males to 100 females, and for ages 15 to 64, it was 107 males to 100 females. For those 65 and older, there were 62 males for every 100 females. The median age was 28.94 years in 2020, up from 27.75 in 2015. The largest age group was 15-19 years (9.14%), followed by 10-14 years (9.02%) and 20-24 years (8.98%). Males outnumbered females in the younger age groups, while females outnumbered males in the older age groups.
The majority of Caba's population is Ilocano, while Iloco is the primary language spoken, with Filipino and English used in government and business. English is also the primary medium of instruction in schools.
In 2022 the town has 17,787 registered voters as according Commission on Elections. The voting-age population (18 and older) was 68.84% in 2020. The dependency ratio was 49, meaning there were 49 dependents (children and elderly) for every 100 working-age individuals. This was an improvement from the 2015 ratio of 54.
Among those aged 10 and older, 37.53% were never-married, 41.53% were married, 5.89% were widowed, 2.17% were div…

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