However, PCR has evolved far beyond simple amplification and detection, and many extensions of the original PCR method have been described. This chapter provides an overview of different types of PCR methods, applications and optimization.

From endpoint PCR to quantitative real-time PCR, and from hot-start enzymes and master mixes to dNTPs and buffers, we offer a complete portfolio of high-quality PCR products to meet your amplification needs.

Promega offers STR amplification systems for forensic, paternity and relationship-testing applications that meet global and regional database requirements. PowerPlex® Systems are highly optimized kits for human STR-based genotyping.

Learn the fundamental concept of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a landmark molecular biology technique. Don't miss out! Stay notified of Promega events, products and news.

Stochastic (random) variation is a fundamental physical law of the PCR amplification process when examining low amounts of DNA. Stochastic effects are manifest as a fluctuation of results between replicate analyses.

The PCR Method for the Maxprep™ Liquid Handler is designed to automate preparation of endpoint and quantitative PCR and RT-PCR amplifications, and includes master mix preparation, serial dilution of standard curves, sample dilution and control placement.

I. Real-Time PCR overview •Basics of Real-Time PCR •Understanding the data II. Chemistries and Instrumentation •Dye-based chemistries (e.g. SYBR) •Label-based chemistries (e.g. TaqMan) •Reverse Transcription qPCR •Instrumentation III. Quantification –an intro to the math IV. The MIQE Guidelines

After you've purified and quantitated your nucleic acid, the next step is amplification. PCR is perhaps the most ubiquitous assay in molecular biology—something we do every day. Each type of PCR has different applications and comes with its own unique challenges. Which one is right for your project?

The primary output from your real-time PCR instrument is an amplification curve. The curve shows the normalized fluorescent signal versus the cycle number and thus shows the accumulation of amplified product. The amplification curve can be broken down into three parts.

Many real-time quantitative PCR assays like the Plexor® HY System include an internal PCR control (IPC) to test for the presence of PCR inhibitors in the DNA samples.