Extortion of Portugal
The Treaties of Tilsit, negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon, concluded the 展开

Spanish campaign, early 1809
Fall of Zaragoza
Zaragoza, already scarred from Lefebvre's bombardments that summer, was under a second siege that … 展开

Stalemate in the west
During 1811, Victor's force was diminished because of requests for reinforcement from Soult to aid his siege of Badajoz. This brought the French … 展开

Defeat of King Joseph
By the end of 1812, the large army that had invaded the Russian Empire, the Grande Armée, had ceased to exist. Unable to resist the … 展开

Coup d'état
Between 9 and 12 February, the French divisions of the eastern and western Pyrenees crossed the border and occupied 展开

Joseph I's régime
Joseph contented himself with working within the apparatus extant under the old regime, while placing responsibility for local government in many … 展开

Allied campaign in Spain
Wellington renewed the allied advance into Spain in early 1812, besieging and capturing the border fortress town of Ciudad Rodrigo by … 展开