R. Shen, Q. Zhang and B. Lu / Commun. Comput. Phys., 36 (2024), pp. 521-550 525 The constant β=1/(k BT) is the inverse Boltzmann energy, where k B is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. ϵ is the piecewise dielectric constant with ϵ=ϵmϵ 0 in Ωm and ϵ=ϵsϵ 0 in Ωs, where ϵ 0 is the dielectric constant of vacuum, and the